Synthesis of Novel Perovskite-organic Hybrid Materials for High-efficiency Photovoltaic Devices
Chinaecherem Tochukwu Arum
*
Department of Material Science and Explosives, Faculty of Science, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Simon Bbumba *
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Computing, Ndejje University, P.O. Box 7088, Kampala, Uganda.
Moses Kigozi
Department of Chemistry, Busitema University, P. O. BOX 236, Tororo, Uganda.
Ibrahim Karume
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Maximillian Kato
Department of Chemistry, Busitema University, P. O. BOX 236, Tororo, Uganda.
Hussein Kisiki Nsamba
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Ivan Kiganda
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Muhammad Ntale
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Herein, we reviewed the synthesis methods of perovskite organic hybrid materials for high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. Perovskite material has a chemical structure of ABX3 that resembles that of CaTiO3. In this type of material, A is an organic cation, B represents a metal cation species, and X represents a halide ion. The devices are widely applied due to a number of factors such as long charge carrier diffusion lifetimes and length, high absorption coefficients, and good optical absorption band edge. The power conversion efficiency of the perovskite organic-inorganic hybrid is about 25 %, which illustrates the rapid increase and the need for commercialization. To improve the performance of the perovskite materials, synthesis techniques such as solid phase synthesis, as well as gas phase synthesis, and liquid phase synthesis are applied. The X-ray diffraction technique is discussed as a tool for crystal structure determination of the materials, as well as scanning electron microscopy for morphology. This review summarizes the common synthesis techniques for perovskite solar cells and how the morphology and structural properties influence device performance.
Keywords: Perovskite, organic cation, inorganic metal cation, halide, X-ray diffraction